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Post by grrraaahhh on Oct 8, 2012 12:45:37 GMT -9
Next: Yoganand K. revisited.
Yoganand K. revisited.Notable material extracts"Sloth bears exhibit several adaptations to their sub-tropical and tropical habitat and to their diet. To suit the tropics, it has no underfur; however, it has a long coat that perhaps helps in defending it from insect bites and also perhaps to exaggerate its size to predators (such as tiger and leopard) or conspecifics." "Cubs are born in secure dens (either natural caves or dens dug by the mother bears). A litter size of two is most common (Laurie and Seidensticker 1977, Joshi et al. 1999, this study). Cubs are frequently carried on their mothers’ backs from the time they leave the den until they are about six months of age (Laurie and Seidensticker 1977, Joshi et al. 1999). Carrying cubs by the mother seems to be a defence against attacks by predators or other bears. Cubs stay with their mothers for 1.5 to 2.5 years, becoming independent just before the breeding season (Joshi et al. 1999). Thus, females breed at either two- or three-year intervals. Predation has been surmised to be responsible for several behavioural traits of the sloth bear. Tigers attack and kill sloth bears occasionally (Joshi et al. 1999, personal observations), however encounters between them are fairly common (unpublished data). Leopards, dholes, and even jackals could be threats to sloth bear cubs. Sloth bears do not climb trees as a means of escape or in response to disturbance." "Tigers attack and kill sloth bears only occasionally (Laurie and Seidensticker 1977, Joshi et al. 1999 and the references therein), however encounters between them are fairly common (unpublished data). For sloth bears, avoiding being active in the times when tigers are active may provide the benefit of decreased encounters with them and thereby decreased predation or risk of predation, and this might translate to an increased investment of their time and energy for survival and reproduction." Why are the sloth bears aggressive?"While sudden encounters in poor visibility habitats may be a proximate factor determining the probability of attacks, the ultimate factor might be the defensive response of sloth bear to humans that manifests as an aggressive disposition. Sloth bears probably evolved within the Indian subcontinent sympatrically with larger predators such as the tiger. The evolutionary pressures of predators may have influenced the development of aggression in sloth bears (Plate 14b). Laurie and Seidensticker (1977) suggested that the aggressive behaviour of sloth bears may be a consequence of not being able to rely on trees for escape, in a habitat that holds tree-climbing predators like the leopard, and also makes it advantageous to live in fairly open habitats. Incidents of sloth bear mortality caused by predators have been reported from several places in its range (reviewed in Joshi et al. 1999). In Panna, sloth bears had several agonistic interactions with tigers and were also occasionally killed by tigers (unpublished data). Sloth bear cubs seldom climb trees to avoid predators. Therefore, offence may be the mother bears best defense strategy and this strategy has been considered to have important survival value for the grizzly bear cubs (Herrero 1970). However, there are also costs associated with attacking humans. Therefore, the bears may be making decisions based on the risks and benefits of attacking (or may have developed it over evolutionary time) and might not be acting arbitrarily, contrary to popular belief. Aggression may have also developed due to competition among conspecifics over resources. The aggressiveness of the sloth bear is perhaps adaptive in their interactions with conspecifics, predators like tiger, leopard and other sympatric mammals like elephants and rhinos, and the bear may show the same kind of reaction to humans (Laurie and Seidensticker 1977, Herrero 1985, Garshelis et al. 1999). Humans might have been occupying the Indian subcontinent for at least 4000 years and probably have had regular agonistic interactions with the sloth bears. As a consequence, sloth bears may have evolved aggressive reactions towards humans. In the last 200 years or so, human persecution of bears has been more severe (Dunbar-Brander 1926, Rangarajan 1996, 2001) and these interactions might have reinforced the negative perceptions of humans. Sloth bears have been observed to have low tolerance towards people and conflicts with humans are common in most of its range (Garshelis et al. 1999, Yoganand et al. in press)." "My observations on interactions that sloth bears had with conspecifics, tigers and humans in Panna indicate that there are several responses that are common in these interactions, particularly in the way sloth bears reacted to both tigers and humans. Sloth bears actively avoided tigers and humans when they became aware of their presence in advance. When they heard suspicious sounds made by humans, tigers, or even alarms raised by other animals such as sambar (Cervus unicolor) or common langur (Trachypithecus entellus) to the presence of predators or humans, the bears became vigilant. They paused their activity and waited for further sounds or scents, looked in the direction of the sound, or exhibited such vigilant behaviour. When the bears sensed the presence of adversaries, they stopped their activity, moved in a different direction or even took shelter under secure cover. Sometimes, they did not emerge out of dens until long after their usual times of start of activity. Occasionally they also fled on sensing a threat, or at other times, they rushed towards the tiger or the human. Similar reactions were also observed in Chitwan NP, Nepal. At close quarters, sloth bears reacted to humans and tigers similarly, often by roaring and running away, or roaring and attacking before retreating (Laurie and Seidensticker 1977). These observations indicate that the bears perhaps perceived humans as predators or equivalent to predators. However, a peculiar behaviour that I observed that may confound other observed patterns to a considerable extent is that the bears while foraging, were often quite preoccupied and did not pay attention to things other than searching for food, unless there was sound or scent coming by its way. Several times, when I was still and silent the bears approached me (mostly when in a jeep or treetop, but sometimes even when on foot) without noticing me, coming as close as a distance of 10 m, usually after which I made noise and scared it away."  Credit: Yoganand K. To be continued..... |
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Post by grrraaahhh on Oct 8, 2012 13:12:39 GMT -9
Revisiting Yoganand K. (continued) ...
Relationship between bear activity pattern and tiger and human
Activities"Diel activity patterns of bear and tiger were similar to a large extent, in the two seasons tigers were monitored (Fig. 5.35). The activity peaks of both species more or less coincided in the mornings and evenings. The differences were: tiger activity extended longer into the morning and day periods than bears, midday rest period of tigers were shorter, they started their activity after midday resting earlier than bears, and their post-midnight, pre-morning activity were lower than that of bearsí. Hourly percent activity of bears and tigers in the cold and dry seasons were strongly positively correlated (rs =0.77, P<0.001, N=48). High levels of activity of both the species occurred in night and crepuscular times (Fig. 5.36). In the day hours when tiger activity was considerably high, bear activity remained low." "Partial correlation analysis revealed the relationships bear activity had with tiger and human activities, after controlling for the effect of temperature, with which bear activity was strongly correlated (Table 5.7). Bear activity was positively correlated with tiger activity, at all periods. With data from the whole day (except midnight times when human activity in forest habitat was negligible), bear activity was weakly negatively correlated with human activity and strongly positively correlated to tiger activity. With data from daytime, bear activity was not shown to be related to human activity. Whereas, in crepuscular period, bear activity was negatively correlated with human activity and in the night time, it was positively correlated with human activity."  Does the activity of tigers, humans, and adult male bears influence bear
activity?"Tiger activity does not seem to influence bear activity timings. The hourly activities of both species (in dry and cold seasons) were strongly positively correlated, even after controlling for the effect of temperature. They both were mainly crepuscular and nocturnal in activity and were probably influenced by the same thermal factors or an endogenous rhythm. Tigers showed a more bimodal pattern of activity than sloth bears, which was because of more daytime activity and much less post-midnight activity. This kind of increased day activity could be caused by the more thermal-buffered microhabitats (shaded, riverine habitats, etc.) the tigers used, and by the different foraging behaviours and underlying physiologies of both species. I did not find any evidence to support the hypothesis that bears avoid encountering tigers (reduce predation risk) by choosing a different timing to be active. Joshi et al. (1999) believed that to have happened in Chitwan NP, Nepal, but did not present evidence to support it. American black bears are reported to avoid brown bears by being active at a different period (Aune 1994). Many prey species are known to avoid predation risk by temporal and spatial segregation from the predators (Clarke 1983, Caldwell 1986, Ferguson et al. 1988, Lima 1988, Lima and Dill 1990)." "Tiger avoidance may not be a primary force in shaping the diel activity of sloth bear, because they do not seem to have a strictly prey-predator association. Tigers do prey on sloth bear (Laurie and Seidensticker 1977, Joshi et al. 1999, unpublished data), but the killings may happen primarily during close encounters between them, and not as a case of hunting. Sloth bears are aggressive, strong, with sharp claws and large canine teeth and they could inflict serious injuries on tigers. There have been instances when tigers have been injured or chased away by sloth bears or both withdrew during such close encounters (Joshi et al. 1999, personal observations). So, the tigers too may perceive a risk and therefore avoid encountering bears. For the bears, tigers may just be adversaries, with the outcome risky mainly when encountered suddenly. Therefore, it may not be critical for sloth bears to avoid the timings when tigers are active. Sloth bears in Panna NP did not seem to avoid tigers spatially either. They frequently use habitats such as escarpments (see Chapter 6: Space Use and Habitat Selection) that tigers also frequently used. Escarpment habitat offers suitable daytime resting sites for both species and they use this habitat frequently and simultaneously. However, it is possible that the bears may be avoiding certain microhabitats that tigers frequently use, or actively avoid tigers by avoiding places where they are present. I have found evidences of active avoidance of tigers by sloth bears and relatively frequent vigilance behaviour in bears (personal observations) in Panna NP." Diet"The required protein could potentially be obtained by sloth bears from resources other than social insects. However, they probably feed on these social insects because of their widespread distribution, abundance and population stability (Wilson 1971). These factors ensure a reliable resource for bears. In addition, the myrmecophagous niche is without much competition in its range. Sloth bears seldom feed on carrion (a high energy resource and a possible source of protein), probably because of the risk of predation by sympatric predators, tiger and leopard, which generally guard their kills (Laurie and Seidensticker 1977). There could also be competition for carcasses from efficient scavengers such as the striped hyaena and wild pig. Carcasses also decay rapidly in tropical conditions." [...] etc, etc, etc....a tremendous read. Source: K., Yoganand (2005) Behavioural Ecology of Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) In Panna National Park, Central India. PhD thesis, Saurashtra University. PDF LINK: etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/593/1/yoganand_k_wildlife%20science.pdf
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Post by sarus on Oct 17, 2012 17:43:38 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jul 28, 2013 16:57:00 GMT -9
¨Source:![]() . . .[/img]  imgur.com/a/QFDb0uI / postimg.cc/tYZPqDFv / "There are about a hundred to 150 sloth bears in and around the park (Ranthambore National Park). The tigers and sloth bears keep their distance from each other. Unlike leopards, which are submissive with tigers, and sometimes even fall victim to them, the bear remains unperturbed and I have witnessed bears walking past tigers without any great concern. The tiger remains alert, watching them move away, but does not adopt an agressive posture. Only once did I see Genghis, who was a particularly agressive tiger, charge an unsuspecting sloth bear; both bear and tiger slapped each other with their forelegs and finally the bear retreated. But both seemed to respect each other's presence." _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ► TIGERS: THE SECRET LIFE_____________________________________ _____________________________________ .
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Post by sarus on Jul 28, 2013 17:06:54 GMT -9
¨SOURCE:![]() "In 1999 there were at least six instances of tigress and sloth bear interactions and in all these cases the sloth bear chased away the tigress after they had both reared up their legs as if to box each other." _____________________________ _____________________________ ► Wild tigers of Ranthambhore_____________________________ _____________________________ .
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Post by sarus on Jul 28, 2013 19:31:04 GMT -9
¨SOURCE:  ________________________________ ________________________________ ► TIGER: THE ULTIMATE GUIDE________________________________ ________________________________
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Post by sarus on Jul 30, 2013 16:16:22 GMT -9
Nice follow up (thanks). In the following Youtube video clip, there is a segment which also shows a sloth bear chasing away a male tiger at the 0:10 mark (I forget the name of the original film). There are Youtube/documentary clips showing tigers chasing away sloth bears and another one where the dominant male tiger kills a mother sloth bear & her cubs. The sub continent area produces some of the largest tigers in the world outweighing the smaller sloth bear. Information about their relationship is limited but IMHO also one of the more interesting. Nat Geo's Big Cat Week episode " Tiger Dynasty" spans 14 years and shares an intimate look into the life of Machli, the most famous tigress in the world. Filmmakers discovered her as a cub, and she's become a global superstar. This Bengal tiger used cunning, aggression, and manipulation to rise to power, but also played the loving mother to four litters of cubs. As the captivating cat's life nears its end, "Tiger Dynasty" recounts her triumphs and struggles. The fish cat The distinctive markings on Machli's cheek resemble fish bones and inspired her name, which means "fish" in the local language. She and her two sisters were raised in India's Ranthambore National Park amid vibrant woodlands, scenic lakes, and ancient ruins. Young Machli rose to power by challenging her sisters and their mother. Triumphant in their sparring matches, she soon found herself alone with unfamiliar threats. The 2-year-old tiger lacked knowledge and experience, but an innocent-looking sloth bear taught her an important life lesson with his surprising speed and massive claws. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ► tv.yahoo.com/news/nat-geo-big-cat-week-recap-tiger-dynasty-170700000.html____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ |
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Post by sarus on Aug 13, 2013 3:37:13 GMT -9
¨![]() . . .[/img] "A phenomenal capture of Qualji's (Zone 9) resident male Fateh (T42) with a bear, killed in a confrontation, on a Forest Department camera trap. Although Qualji tigers are known to regularly kill wild boar and nilgai antelope this is the first recorded evidence of a bear kill for Ranthambhore this season. Fateh, as we already well know, is not a tiger to be taken lightly. Image courtesy Honorable Bina Kak, Minister of Forests and Environment. Government of Rajasthan". _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ► www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151648155614044&set=a.10150305813374044.361516.116878809043&type=1&theater_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
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Post by sarus on Aug 13, 2013 4:04:16 GMT -9
¨ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDZCNYZV-f8Poster: Rohit Prabhu Date: 06/29/2013 Location: Tadoba National Park "This is a family of a Tiger, with 4 female cubs around 20 months old. Their father is named Waghdoh a magnificient male, also known to be one of the biggest male tigers in India. We didnt get a chance to get a video of him, but in this video you will see the cubs and their mother". ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Poster: Nikhil Tambekar Date: Jun 4, 2013 "Life time sighting... Cant get 'Lucky' enough than this to Shoot the entire sequence of a successful killing of Sloth Bear by the Tiger family (Tigress with her 4 Cubs) A lesson learning process in itself... Featuring one of the Telia cubs... Putting all his efforts to Kill the Sloth Bear... How can any one escape such deadly 'Claws'...  " ► www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=420172________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Poster: kamlesh thakur Date: Jun 13, 2013 conflict Tiger vs sloth bear "One of the most incredible sight ever. I find my self very lucky to witness this. Tiger cubs killing sloth bear, one the learning lesions for the cubs as the mother quietly watching the scene next to them". ► www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=422001________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
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Post by warsaw on Nov 7, 2013 14:22:57 GMT -9
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Post by warsaw on Jan 28, 2016 9:56:45 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jul 3, 2016 5:09:26 GMT -9
Bear attacked by tiger in Tadoba being treated in cityTHE TIMES OF INDIA NEWS SERVICE | May 13, 2016Nagpur: A sloth bear was rescued by forest officials and Chandrapur NGO Eco-Pro in the buffer zone of T adoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) on Wednesday. The eight-year-old bear is undergoing treatment at the transit centre at Seminary Hills. According to deputy conservator of forests (buffer) Gajendra Narwane, the field staff at Bhuyardeo protection hut in Khadsangi buffer on late Tuesday night heard the loud noise of tiger roars and sloth bears.Finding something fishy, on Wednesday morning the staff went to the spot and found that a bear cub was lying dead. They also noticed a full-grown bear with sluggish movement.On receiving information, Narwane, ACFs RR Kulkarni, RK Sorte, wildlife vet Ravikant Khobragade and Bandu Dhotre of Eco-Pro and his team rushed to the spot with all equipment and rescued the bear. " The mother bear was limping and unable to move. We immediately rescued it and sent to transit centre at Nagpur. It was a case of tiger attack as the bear cub had canine marks on its face. We also found tiger pugmarks near the spot," said Narwane. In Nagpur, associate dean of Nagpur Veterinary College Dr NP Dakshinkar, associate professor Gautam Bhojne and wildlife vet Dr GM Kadu attended to the slot bear.
Dr Kadu said one leg and hand is numb and hence the animal is unable to make movement. "Its nerves may have been damaged," he said.The bear is under tremendous shock may be due to caging and loss of its cub. "We offered watermelon and bananas but it refused to eat," Dr Kadu said. Since yesterday two bottles of saline were administered. Though some improvement is seen and its biochemical analysis reports are normal, the animal is not out of danger. The cage has been covered with green nets and it will ensure that there are not much human imprints on the animal. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ► timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Bear-attacked-by-tiger-in-Tadoba-being-treated-in-city/articleshow/52246197.cms_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
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Post by sarus on Apr 10, 2017 6:11:54 GMT -9
¨
Fight Between Wild Tiger And Bear
"Here is the story ……. In this video the Mother sloth bear taking the revenge from tiger of killing her cubs I think. the sound coming in Background suggest before this tiger had fight with mother bear and during that fight the cub fall out from the mother back and tiger picked it and killed it ……"
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Post by sarus on Mar 1, 2018 21:49:35 GMT -9
.www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiiulshX4IQTiger and Sloth bear fight | very rare | tadoba andheri tiger reserve "this is extremely rare video of tiger and sloth bear fight. this video was shoot in maharashtra, TADOBA ANDHERI TIGER RESERVE, near gadchiroli dist on 28 feb 2018. video by : Anesh AN Tadoba ( TADOBA )" .
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Post by sarus on Apr 14, 2018 14:23:01 GMT -9
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"
