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Apr 21, 2011 6:13:47 GMT -9
Post by grrraaahhh on Apr 21, 2011 6:13:47 GMT -9
From Food Habits of Brown Bears in Hokkaido, Japan:Abstract Food habits of the brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis) were studied from 1975 to 1984 in 4 diverse areas on Hokkaido Island. Foods of bears varied seasonally in each area and differed among areas largely because of differences in foods available. Bears ate mainly succulent herbs in spring and summer and fruits in the fall in northern Hokkaido. Hog's-fennel (Peucedanum multivittatum) dominated the bears' diet in August and September in the alpine areas of the Daisetsu Mountains. Foods of bears on the Shiretoko Peninsula included those from the sea, but were otherwise similar to northern Hokkaido. The diet of bears on the Oshimo Peninsula was dominated by beech (Fagus crenata) buds in the spring in terms of frequency of occurrence, and actinidia (Actinidia arguta) fruit in the fall. PDF LINK: eprints2008.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/44508/1/ICBRM7_215-220.pdf
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Oct 19, 2011 3:54:11 GMT -9
Post by grrraaahhh on Oct 19, 2011 3:54:11 GMT -9
U. a. yesoensis is a junior synonym for U. a. ferox. To review, U. a. ferox Temminck, 1842; U. a. yesoensis Lydekker, 1897. Baryshnikov et. al (2004) text extract: Temminck (1842: 29) was the first who gave the scientific name for the brown bear from Japan: U. ferox. Lydekker (1897) and his followers (Pocock, 1932: 804, Ellermann & Morrison-Scott, 1951: 238) mistakenly treated this name to be preoccupied by U. ferox Rafinesque (1817: 437) and U. ferox Lewis & Clark in Desmarest (1820: 164). However, both latter names, which were used for the brown bear from North America, are nomina nudi; therefore, there are no nomenclatural grounds to refuse Temminck s name. [...]
Lydekker (1897: 422, fig. 3, 4) described the subspecies U. arctos yesoensis on the basis of three brown bear skulls from Hokkaido. He gave a drawing of the skull of a young adult male (NHM 86.11.18.2), which we designate as the lectotype. Another skull, belonging to adult male (NHM 96.4.27.1), is correspondingly the paralecto-type. In spite of the name U. a. yesoensis is widely used in recent publications, it seems to be a junior synonym of U. a. ferox, as well as U. melanarctos (Heude, 1898: 17) proposed for the brown bear from Hakodae in Hokkaido. [...]
Baryshnikov G.F., Mano T. & Masuda R. 2004. Taxonomic differentiation of Ursus arctos (Carnivora, Ursidae) from south Okhotsk Sea islands on the basis of morphometrical analysis of skull and teeth // Russian Journal of Theriology. Vol.3. No.2. P.77 88. Baryshnikov et. al (2004) PDF LINK: zmmu.msu.ru/rjt/articles/ther3_2%2077_88%20Baryshn%20et%20al.pdf
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Post by warsaw on Nov 6, 2011 5:03:53 GMT -9
Favorite Hokkaido moments... Hokkaido Photogallery Newsgroups: fj.rec.travel.japan, Alt-FAQ Bulletin Boards: Practise your Kanji? Shiretoko Peninsula / Shiretoko National Park Shiretoko National Park was gazetted in 1964 and covers a substantial part, some 386.33 square kilometers (miles), or roughly half of the Shiretoko peninsula, a long narrow peninsula jutting about 70 kilometers into the Sea of Okhotsk from the northeastern tip of Hokkaido. This large Japanese national park was added to the World Heritage list in July 2005. It is one of the most isolated parts of Japan and contains extensive wilderness, there are few roads (and none into the heart of the national park), so the only way to access much is by boat or on foot. The name Shiretoko is derived from an Ainu word meaning the "end of the earth" or "lands end". The peninsula is formed from a volcanic chain of mountains, enormous black rocks are strewn everywhere, reminding you where they came from. There are few roads, none at all to the cape, and large numbers of wild deer, Hokkaido brown bears and foxes. It is a birder's paradise. Drift ice, hot thermal vents and springs, wild seas and cliffs, quiet ponds, are all a feature of this beautiful wild area. homepage3.nifty.com/rakuharu/turezure0162.htm
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Dec 28, 2011 5:24:13 GMT -9
Post by grrraaahhh on Dec 28, 2011 5:24:13 GMT -9
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Feb 17, 2012 7:07:42 GMT -9
Post by grrraaahhh on Feb 17, 2012 7:07:42 GMT -9
From Food Habits of Brown Bears in Hokkaido, Japan:Abstract Food habits of the brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis) were studied from 1975 to 1984 in 4 diverse areas on Hokkaido Island. Foods of bears varied seasonally in each area and differed among areas largely because of differences in foods available. Bears ate mainly succulent herbs in spring and summer and fruits in the fall in northern Hokkaido. Hog's-fennel (Peucedanum multivittatum) dominated the bears' diet in August and September in the alpine areas of the Daisetsu Mountains. Foods of bears on the Shiretoko Peninsula included those from the sea, but were otherwise similar to northern Hokkaido. The diet of bears on the Oshimo Peninsula was dominated by beech (Fagus crenata) buds in the spring in terms of frequency of occurrence, and actinidia (Actinidia arguta) fruit in the fall. PDF LINK: eprints2008.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/44508/1/ICBRM7_215-220.pdfLook, same bear! Text Extract:"Rausch (1963) and Yoneda and Abe (1976) have both suggested that the availability of salmon and trout as food was one of the most important factors causing geographical variation in cranial size in brown bears. Salmon and trout, however, occupy only a small part of the present diet of bears in Hokkaido (Abe et at., 1987; Kadosaki, 1983; Ohdachi & Aoi, 1987), and thus it seems less plausible that the geographical cline is solely as a result of differences in the availability of fish today. Instead, a general effect of differences in dietary condition could be the main factor involved, since food items and their consumption vary between various regions of Hokkaido (Abe et at., 1987; Ohdachi & Aoi, 1987). A further factor potentially affecting geographical variation in cranial size is climatic difference. In general, the period of snow-cover is shorter, and temperatures are higher in southern parts of Hokkaido than in northern and eastern parts. Hence, geographical variation in cranial size might be explained in the context of climatic adaptation such as reduction of heat loss (e. g., McNab, 1971; Scholander, 1955, 1956)." Source: Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Geographical Variation of Skull Dimensions of the Brown Bear Ursus arctos in Hokkaido.
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Dec 18, 2012 13:02:30 GMT -9
Post by warsaw on Dec 18, 2012 13:02:30 GMT -9
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Mar 30, 2013 6:58:24 GMT -9
Post by warsaw on Mar 30, 2013 6:58:24 GMT -9
The present status of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in Hokkaido , Japan By Dr. MASAAKI KADOSAKI Director of the Hokkaido Wildlife Laboratory The Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) is the only bear living in Hokkaido . I have been studying Hokkaido Brown Bear since 1970. My studies have included the Brown Bear's ecology, morphology, relationship with people and damage caused to livestock, crops and orchards. Using this information, I will outline the history and present status of the Hokkaido Brown Bear. The area of Hokkaido is 78,000km2 (corresponding to 390 ‡q ~200 ‡q ),which represents 20% of Japan's total land area. Its climate belongs to the cool temperate zone and the native vegetation is a mixture of conifer forest (spruces, firs and pines) and broad leaf trees. Hokkaido has a lot of mountainous areas with the highest elevation being 2,290m at Daisetsuzan, in the central part of the island. Currently, 71.5% of the area of Hokkaido is forested with much of that area being mountainous. Including farmed grasslands, the remaining, 28.5% is residential and agricultural. In 2008, the population was 5.57 million with a population density of 67 persons /km2. Hokkaido 's large scale development was initiated by the Government in 1869. Prior to that, some 12,000 native people, so-called Ainu, shared the land with some 50,000 Japanese. 98% of the land was undeveloped and almost all of it was inhabited by Brown Bears. I statistically estimate the population of Brown Bears at that time to have been between 4,500 - 5,500 animals. The recent population of the Hokkaido Brown Bear has been estimated at between 1,900 to 2,300 animals with its habitat half of the original size . The bears have been killed as pest or game animals since the mid 1800s. There are statistics of the annual number of Brown Bears killed for 125 years between 1873 and 2009. It shows, on average, 409 bears have been killed annually. The bulk of the bear attacks and damage to livestock etc. occurred until the 1960s when the largest alterations to the bear habitat took place as land was cleared for agriculture. e.g. 14 persons were killed in 1908 and from 1915, fatal attacks on horses numbered between 200-300 until 1920s. Incidents involving fatal attacks on cattle ranged from 100 to 200 incidents during the 1960s. The annual damage caused by the Brown Bear to livestock in the last 20 years has been a maximum of fifteen incidents a year, and usually just a few incidents. Since 1970, there have been 29 reported incidents of bear attacks on hunters and 44 attacks on persons not hunting. On average, the number of annual attacks on non-hunters is 1.07. In the cases of attacks on non-hunters, 15 incidents resulted in the death of the person. Of the 15 fatalities, in no case did the attacked person use a weapon to defend themselves. Those who have survived attacks invariably reported using a weapon including an axe, knife, stone or hands and feet to defend themselves during the attack. From this evidence, I would like to insist on the importance of active resistance in the incident of a bear attack on a person. I'd also like to propose that bears are not killed for game or if they are shown to be a pest. There is no risk of an over population of Brown Bears in Hokkaido . This fact was certified within reputable historical documents produced during the Edo period. People can live in harmony with bears by maintaining the appropriate level of respect for the Bear's habitat. Fences with barbed wire have been proven to be an effective means to deter Bears in a high risk area from causing damage to crops, livestock or people. People entering into a Bear's habitat should be prepared for an unexpected encounter with a bear and be prepared to defend themselves in the very unlikely event of an attack by a bear by equipping themselves with a whistle and machete or hatchet. By taking these steps, for the first time in Japan , we can openly declare a coexistence with the Bears of Japan. www.yasei.com/COP2010en.htm
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Mar 30, 2013 7:00:57 GMT -9
Post by warsaw on Mar 30, 2013 7:00:57 GMT -9
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Mar 30, 2013 7:16:04 GMT -9
Post by warsaw on Mar 30, 2013 7:16:04 GMT -9
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