Post by warsaw on May 24, 2012 5:51:49 GMT -9
Understanding Sloth Bears — An Interview With Dr. K. Yoganand
by Yoganand K
A sloth bear with cubs in Panna
Photo: Yoganand K
Cubs are frequently carried on their mothers’ backs till they are about six months of age.
Yoganand fitting a sloth bear with a radio-collar in Panna
Photo: Yoganand K
Radio-collaring several sloth bears helped Yoganand learn more about their secretive lives
CI: Tell us about your research on sloth bears
I conducted intensive field research on sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) between 1996 and 2000 in Panna National Park (Madhya Pradesh), a partly degraded, dry deciduous forest habitat in Madhya Pradesh, central India. I captured and fitted radio-collars on several sloth bears and followed them to observe their behaviour and learn more about their secretive lives, such as, when did they sleep, what did they eat, how far did they move in a night, where did they give birth, where did they get all the food they needed, what did they do when they met a tiger, what circumstances prompted them to attack humans…
I also assessed the quality of the forest from a sloth bear’s point of view – how much area of the forest was covered by woodland, grassland and other types of habitats; how many different kinds of trees and shrubs were there that produced fruits eaten by sloth bears; how many fruits were produced by a single tree in a year; how many ant nests could be found in a hectare of forest, etc. I put all this information together to form a picture of a typical day in the life of the sloth bears of Panna.
Dry deciduous forests probably hold a major proportion (about 50%) of the sloth bear population in India. Unfortunately, degradation of habitat by humans has been severe in this forest type. For informed conservation planning and management of this habitat and the sloth bears that inhabit it, it was essential to have baseline information on their behaviour and ecology. Further, we felt that conducting a study in a human impacted area would help in objectively assessing how various human-induced impacts affect bear behaviour. From 2002 to 2008 I also periodically conducted additional field research in other sites, including a preliminary assessment of the distribution and status of the sloth bear across India.
CI: What methods did you employ to capture and collar sloth bears? Any interesting encounters?
I used barrel/culvert traps, which is a type of cage trap, and foothold cable snares to capture sloth bears for fitting radio-collars for my research.
One day I had a real surprise in store when a tigress got caught in one of the traps set for bears – something that I did not expect or want. The traps were not meant to withstand the weight or force of tigers. Anyway, I did not want to waste an opportunity. So I approached the big cat on one of the Forest Department’s camp elephants and got close enough to shoot a tranquilizer dart and immobilize it. I then fitted a radio-collar on it, which proved useful for my research on interactions between sloth bears and tigers, and for a colleague’s tiger research in Panna.
CI: A lot of your research involved following sloth bears on foot. Given their ferocious reputation, how risky was this?
It was quite risky! They are powerful animals and are known to sometimes attack and injure people even without any provocation. This is an integral part of their survival tactic in the jungle where they have to live alongside powerful predators such as the tiger. My tracking on foot was mostly limited to daylight hours except on some occasions when it became absolutely necessary to track at night. In general, my field assistant and I were very watchful. We kept our distance and were confident of reacting quickly if the situation became tricky. We had some close and tense encounters but were never injured by the bears.
CI: Describe a typical sloth bear attack on a human.
Most sloth bear attacks can be classified as ‘defensive’ attacks. When a human intrudes into its space suddenly, a bear may sense a danger to its life and respond by attacking.
In Panna NP, attacks typically happened when the bears were resting during the day or foraging in the early evening period in dense shrub-covered areas (degraded Lantana covered areas). When people traveling through forests or tending cattle inadvertently went too close, the panicked bears attacked in self-defense.
CI: How should one behave in case of a sloth bear attack?
The first thing one needs to do is to avoid getting into a situation where one may encounter a bear suddenly, such as avoiding dense shrub-covered localities, particularly in the evening and morning times when bears are likely to be active. And to avoid being alone in such places at such times. In the event of an attack, if one is not able to move away or chase the bear away, it has generally been advised to protect the face, head, neck, and nape by lying on the ground face down and covering the nape with locked hands. It should be noted that sloth bears do not feed on humans, and at the most they will bite and claw. If no further provocation occurs they may retreat after the initial attack. It should also be noted here that there is no strict rule about the way a bear may attack or a failsafe guideline about how humans should react during such encounters. The behaviour of a bear may be shaped by its past encounters with humans – in short, there may be personality differences in the way bears attack or retreat in such encounters.
CI: What are some of your key research findings?
Life History: Although my study was not long enough to gather information on all life history aspects, I was able to make many observations, which I combine here with what is known from other studies.
•In Panna, cubs were born in secure dens where the mother bears secluded themselves for several weeks to nurse and protect the newborns. Cubs stayed with their mother for up to two-and-half years and even rode piggyback for several months while she moved about foraging.
•After learning seasonal food finding and other survival skills from their mothers, cubs set out on their own. Males probably disperse into new areas while females set up their home ranges near their natal home ranges. The independent young adults/sub-adults carry out their normal activities of finding food, water, shelter and mates through the year within an area generally known as home range.
•Females may first breed at the age of three or four and give birth to one or two young ones every second or third year until the age of about 15 years. Adult males seek out breeding females every year and mate with them. Many males may mate with a female, according to a pecking order established among the adult males. Who actually sired the offspring will be unknown to the males and that perhaps ensures the protection of cubs from possible killing by adult males. Male longevity in the wild is probably up to 12-15 years; females may live a few years longer.
Home range: sloth bear home ranges range in size from a few square kilometers to more than a hundred square kilometers; male ranges are much bigger than those of females. In habitats with abundant food resources, home range sizes are likely to be small and vice versa.
Social behavior: sloth bears live mostly solitary lives, except for mother-young associations. Sometimes, siblings that have become newly independent of a mother may stay together for some time. During the breeding season male bears may stay with females for some days. They are not territorial and their home ranges overlap to a considerable extent.
CI: What is unique about the sloth bear?
The sloth bear is an ant and termite eating (myrmecophagus) bear. It is the only bear species that seems to depend almost entirely on these social insects for its protein requirements and thus, in this respect, it is unique among bears.
Understanding Sloth Bears — An Interview With Dr. K. Yoganand (Page 2)
by Yoganand K
CI: What else do they eat?
While ants and termites form their year-round staple, they also feed a lot on fleshy fruits, which are available seasonally. In Panna, fruits contributed 56%, ants 29%, and termites 10% to the annual diet, in terms of ingested biomass. As with the seasonal variability, the diet also varies from place to place depending on the availability of various insects and fruits.
CI: Tell us about their breeding behavior
Mating generally takes place between May and July and the cubs are born between November and January. However, there have been reports of cubs being born at other times of the year, especially in Sri Lanka.
CI: Do sloth bears really like honey?
Yes, they do feed on honey commonly. The energy rich sugar in honey and the fat rich larvae and other early growth stages of bees housed in the honeycombs are important nutritional sources for sloth bears. Further, the availability of honeycombs over a large part of the year when other seasonal food can get scarce is an advantage.
CI: Why do they have such long claws?
The front claws of sloth bears are long (up to 7 cm) and curved. They are an adaptation for digging the earth to reach ant and termite nests underground, or inside mounds. They sometimes dug as deep as 1.5 m in Panna NP to reach underground ant colonies. The claws on the hind legs are shorter (about 3 cm).
CI: What are their peak activity times?
This may vary from place to place, depending on heat conditions and human disturbance. In the generally hot and dry forests of central India, the peak activity times were around dawn and dusk and in the nighttime, whereas they rested in dens during the day.
CI: In areas without caves where do sloth bears give birth?
There have been some observations recorded in the literature of sloth bears giving birth in holes dug along river/stream banks, and in dense shrub thickets. They could also use crevices in big boulders along dry riverbeds, hollows in large tree trunks, fallen logs and even storm-water culverts. I am doubtful if they will use disused buildings for this purpose, but cannot rule out the possibility if there is an appropriate structure available.
CI: Why do sloth bears carry their cubs on their backs and is this common among all bear species?
Cubs are frequently carried on their mothers’ backs from the time they leave the den until they are about six months of age. Carrying cubs by the mother seems to be a defence against attacks by predators such as tigers, leopards or other bears. This behaviour is commonly seen only in the sloth bear and is a trait shared with other anteaters.
CI: What are the major direct threats to sloth bears – natural and man-made?
Natural threats in their wild habitats are predators such as the tiger and leopard. Cubs and sub-adults could sometimes face threats from adult male bears. Severity of threats from diseases is generally unknown.
Humans are a direct threat as they can gang up and kill bears even with rudimentary weapons, or set traps, which could capture or kill them. Indirect human induced mortality factors include speeding vehicles, fences with deadly electric supply, poisoned waterholes, etc.
CI: What do you think of the Daroji bear sanctuary in Karnataka?
Daroji is an interesting place. It is unique in the sense that it is where direct management interventions such as habitat manipulation, supplemental feeding, and protection measures are made with a specific focus on the sloth bears. However, what kind of impacts these interventions have on the sloth bear population is largely unknown. Further, there are several questions that arise, including whether these interventions are justified and whether they are based on prior research or merely well intentioned ad hoc actions. However, on the positive side, if not for this special focus on sloth bears, Daroji may have been lost to mining interests in the area. Overall, nitpicking aside, I think it is a laudable effort.
CI: What is the distribution of the sloth bear in India?
India is home to more than 80% of the world population of sloth bears. Within the country it is the most widely distributed bear species. It is found in forested areas across India, from the foothills of the Himalaya to the southern tip of the Western Ghats; in the west from the Aravalli hill range in Rajasthan to the east up to the terai and duars of North Bengal and Assam. However, its northeastern limit and its current distribution in the northeastern states are unclear.
CI: Where else in the world are sloth bears found?
Sloth bears are also found in Nepal, Sri Lanka and perhaps in the low-lying areas of Bhutan. They occurred in Bangladesh in the past but are probably extinct now.
CI: What is the estimate for the world population of sloth bears?
My estimate for the species, based on presently available information, is 6,000 to 11,000 in India, and another 1,000 to 2,000 in other countries where it is found – Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. So, the total world population could be anything between 7,000 and 13,000. It should be noted that this is a rough estimate, although it may be the best that is available presently.
CI: What is the status of sloth bears in India?
Overall, the sloth bear is threatened, although it appears to be secure in some parts of its distributional range. Over the past century, the sloth bear’s range has shrunk considerably and its populations have declined and have become fragmented, threatening its overall survival. Some isolated populations have even become locally extinct. Given that secure habitat of high quality for sloth bears is estimated to be only about 10% of the forest area in India, its total population size may be as low as 6,000, not all the regional populations are safe, and even the stronghold areas of the Western Ghats and central Indian forests are threatened by fragmentation and degradation, the sloth bear in India should be considered as a threatened species.
CI: What are the main threats?
The greatest threat to sloth bear survival in India is the loss of their forest habitat, especially outside Protected Areas. Other factors include:
•Degradation of forests due to over-exploitation by humans.
•Fragmentation – forests getting broken up into smaller pieces due to conversion of forestland for other uses, creating barriers to the movement of animals.
•Isolation: remaining forest patches getting separated by great distances.
•Use of forest edges by humans and use of agricultural land by bears for crop feeding, resulting in conflict between bears and humans, which sometimes ends in persecution killings of bears by humans.
•Poaching of bears for trade in bear parts (particularly, gall bladder/bile) and removal of cubs from forests for the ‘dancing bear’ trade also are known to be threats.
CI: What other studies have been done on sloth bears?
The first intensive study on sloth bears was done in Chitwan National Park in Nepal in the mid-1990s by Joshi and others. This was preceded by some short-term studies on certain aspects of the sloth bear ecology in Nepal and India. After my intensive research on the behavioural ecology of sloth bears in central India, there has been a study in the Bilaspur region in eastern central India by Bargali and others with a focus on bear attacks on humans in that high conflict region, and another one in southern Sri Lanka by Ratnayeke. There have been many other short-term studies, particularly on food habits of sloth bears in southern and central India and Nepal by various authors ranging from George Schaller, Laurie & Seidensticker, Sunquist, Johnsingh, Baskaran, and others. There have also been observations and reports focused on bear conflict with humans from southern and central India by various researchers.
CI: Tell us about the other bear species in India.
1.Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus): The Asiatic black bear occurs in the Himalayan mountain habitats from the high subalpine conifer forests down to the subtropical broadleaf forests of the foothills, from Kashmir in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. It also occurs in most of the northeast hill ranges south and east of Assam.
2.Malayan sun bear (Ursus malayanus): The Malayan sun bear occurs in the northeastern hill ranges south of Assam.
3.Brown bear (Ursus arctos): The brown bear occurs in the north-western parts of the Himalayas in alpine habitats and in the trans-Himalayas; the eastern limit of its current distribution – whether it extends into Sikkim and east of it is unclear.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Further reading:
1.Yoganand, K., C. G. Rice, and A. J. T. Johnsingh. (2005). Evaluating Panna National Park with special reference to ecology of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Final Project Report (Unpublished). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India. 172p.
2.Yoganand, K., C. G. Rice, A. J. T. Johnsingh, and J. Seidensticker. (2006). Is the sloth bear in India secure? A preliminary report on distribution, threats and conservation requirements. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103: 172-181.
3.Seidensticker, J., K. Yoganand, and A. J. T. Johnsingh. (2011). Sloth Bears Living in Tropical Dry Forests and Their Conservation. In W. McShea, et al. Editors, The Unique Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Dry Forests in Asia, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
4.Yoganand, K., C. G. Rice and A.J.T. Johnsingh. (In press). Sloth bear Melursus ursinus. In A.J.T. Johnsingh and N. Manjrekar, Editors, Mammals of South Asia. Universities Press, Hyderabad.
K Yoganand, Ph. D, is a professional wildlife ecologist with 20 years of post-graduate experience in researching ecology and conservation biology of various habitats and species, including bears, tigers, elephants and other large mammals in South Asia and Southern Africa, and in contributing to wildlife conservation in various situations.
www.conservationindia.org/articles/understanding-sloth-bears-an-interview-with-dr-k-yoganand/
by Yoganand K
A sloth bear with cubs in Panna
Photo: Yoganand K
Cubs are frequently carried on their mothers’ backs till they are about six months of age.
Yoganand fitting a sloth bear with a radio-collar in Panna
Photo: Yoganand K
Radio-collaring several sloth bears helped Yoganand learn more about their secretive lives
CI: Tell us about your research on sloth bears
I conducted intensive field research on sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) between 1996 and 2000 in Panna National Park (Madhya Pradesh), a partly degraded, dry deciduous forest habitat in Madhya Pradesh, central India. I captured and fitted radio-collars on several sloth bears and followed them to observe their behaviour and learn more about their secretive lives, such as, when did they sleep, what did they eat, how far did they move in a night, where did they give birth, where did they get all the food they needed, what did they do when they met a tiger, what circumstances prompted them to attack humans…
I also assessed the quality of the forest from a sloth bear’s point of view – how much area of the forest was covered by woodland, grassland and other types of habitats; how many different kinds of trees and shrubs were there that produced fruits eaten by sloth bears; how many fruits were produced by a single tree in a year; how many ant nests could be found in a hectare of forest, etc. I put all this information together to form a picture of a typical day in the life of the sloth bears of Panna.
Dry deciduous forests probably hold a major proportion (about 50%) of the sloth bear population in India. Unfortunately, degradation of habitat by humans has been severe in this forest type. For informed conservation planning and management of this habitat and the sloth bears that inhabit it, it was essential to have baseline information on their behaviour and ecology. Further, we felt that conducting a study in a human impacted area would help in objectively assessing how various human-induced impacts affect bear behaviour. From 2002 to 2008 I also periodically conducted additional field research in other sites, including a preliminary assessment of the distribution and status of the sloth bear across India.
CI: What methods did you employ to capture and collar sloth bears? Any interesting encounters?
I used barrel/culvert traps, which is a type of cage trap, and foothold cable snares to capture sloth bears for fitting radio-collars for my research.
One day I had a real surprise in store when a tigress got caught in one of the traps set for bears – something that I did not expect or want. The traps were not meant to withstand the weight or force of tigers. Anyway, I did not want to waste an opportunity. So I approached the big cat on one of the Forest Department’s camp elephants and got close enough to shoot a tranquilizer dart and immobilize it. I then fitted a radio-collar on it, which proved useful for my research on interactions between sloth bears and tigers, and for a colleague’s tiger research in Panna.
CI: A lot of your research involved following sloth bears on foot. Given their ferocious reputation, how risky was this?
It was quite risky! They are powerful animals and are known to sometimes attack and injure people even without any provocation. This is an integral part of their survival tactic in the jungle where they have to live alongside powerful predators such as the tiger. My tracking on foot was mostly limited to daylight hours except on some occasions when it became absolutely necessary to track at night. In general, my field assistant and I were very watchful. We kept our distance and were confident of reacting quickly if the situation became tricky. We had some close and tense encounters but were never injured by the bears.
CI: Describe a typical sloth bear attack on a human.
Most sloth bear attacks can be classified as ‘defensive’ attacks. When a human intrudes into its space suddenly, a bear may sense a danger to its life and respond by attacking.
In Panna NP, attacks typically happened when the bears were resting during the day or foraging in the early evening period in dense shrub-covered areas (degraded Lantana covered areas). When people traveling through forests or tending cattle inadvertently went too close, the panicked bears attacked in self-defense.
CI: How should one behave in case of a sloth bear attack?
The first thing one needs to do is to avoid getting into a situation where one may encounter a bear suddenly, such as avoiding dense shrub-covered localities, particularly in the evening and morning times when bears are likely to be active. And to avoid being alone in such places at such times. In the event of an attack, if one is not able to move away or chase the bear away, it has generally been advised to protect the face, head, neck, and nape by lying on the ground face down and covering the nape with locked hands. It should be noted that sloth bears do not feed on humans, and at the most they will bite and claw. If no further provocation occurs they may retreat after the initial attack. It should also be noted here that there is no strict rule about the way a bear may attack or a failsafe guideline about how humans should react during such encounters. The behaviour of a bear may be shaped by its past encounters with humans – in short, there may be personality differences in the way bears attack or retreat in such encounters.
CI: What are some of your key research findings?
Life History: Although my study was not long enough to gather information on all life history aspects, I was able to make many observations, which I combine here with what is known from other studies.
•In Panna, cubs were born in secure dens where the mother bears secluded themselves for several weeks to nurse and protect the newborns. Cubs stayed with their mother for up to two-and-half years and even rode piggyback for several months while she moved about foraging.
•After learning seasonal food finding and other survival skills from their mothers, cubs set out on their own. Males probably disperse into new areas while females set up their home ranges near their natal home ranges. The independent young adults/sub-adults carry out their normal activities of finding food, water, shelter and mates through the year within an area generally known as home range.
•Females may first breed at the age of three or four and give birth to one or two young ones every second or third year until the age of about 15 years. Adult males seek out breeding females every year and mate with them. Many males may mate with a female, according to a pecking order established among the adult males. Who actually sired the offspring will be unknown to the males and that perhaps ensures the protection of cubs from possible killing by adult males. Male longevity in the wild is probably up to 12-15 years; females may live a few years longer.
Home range: sloth bear home ranges range in size from a few square kilometers to more than a hundred square kilometers; male ranges are much bigger than those of females. In habitats with abundant food resources, home range sizes are likely to be small and vice versa.
Social behavior: sloth bears live mostly solitary lives, except for mother-young associations. Sometimes, siblings that have become newly independent of a mother may stay together for some time. During the breeding season male bears may stay with females for some days. They are not territorial and their home ranges overlap to a considerable extent.
CI: What is unique about the sloth bear?
The sloth bear is an ant and termite eating (myrmecophagus) bear. It is the only bear species that seems to depend almost entirely on these social insects for its protein requirements and thus, in this respect, it is unique among bears.
Understanding Sloth Bears — An Interview With Dr. K. Yoganand (Page 2)
by Yoganand K
CI: What else do they eat?
While ants and termites form their year-round staple, they also feed a lot on fleshy fruits, which are available seasonally. In Panna, fruits contributed 56%, ants 29%, and termites 10% to the annual diet, in terms of ingested biomass. As with the seasonal variability, the diet also varies from place to place depending on the availability of various insects and fruits.
CI: Tell us about their breeding behavior
Mating generally takes place between May and July and the cubs are born between November and January. However, there have been reports of cubs being born at other times of the year, especially in Sri Lanka.
CI: Do sloth bears really like honey?
Yes, they do feed on honey commonly. The energy rich sugar in honey and the fat rich larvae and other early growth stages of bees housed in the honeycombs are important nutritional sources for sloth bears. Further, the availability of honeycombs over a large part of the year when other seasonal food can get scarce is an advantage.
CI: Why do they have such long claws?
The front claws of sloth bears are long (up to 7 cm) and curved. They are an adaptation for digging the earth to reach ant and termite nests underground, or inside mounds. They sometimes dug as deep as 1.5 m in Panna NP to reach underground ant colonies. The claws on the hind legs are shorter (about 3 cm).
CI: What are their peak activity times?
This may vary from place to place, depending on heat conditions and human disturbance. In the generally hot and dry forests of central India, the peak activity times were around dawn and dusk and in the nighttime, whereas they rested in dens during the day.
CI: In areas without caves where do sloth bears give birth?
There have been some observations recorded in the literature of sloth bears giving birth in holes dug along river/stream banks, and in dense shrub thickets. They could also use crevices in big boulders along dry riverbeds, hollows in large tree trunks, fallen logs and even storm-water culverts. I am doubtful if they will use disused buildings for this purpose, but cannot rule out the possibility if there is an appropriate structure available.
CI: Why do sloth bears carry their cubs on their backs and is this common among all bear species?
Cubs are frequently carried on their mothers’ backs from the time they leave the den until they are about six months of age. Carrying cubs by the mother seems to be a defence against attacks by predators such as tigers, leopards or other bears. This behaviour is commonly seen only in the sloth bear and is a trait shared with other anteaters.
CI: What are the major direct threats to sloth bears – natural and man-made?
Natural threats in their wild habitats are predators such as the tiger and leopard. Cubs and sub-adults could sometimes face threats from adult male bears. Severity of threats from diseases is generally unknown.
Humans are a direct threat as they can gang up and kill bears even with rudimentary weapons, or set traps, which could capture or kill them. Indirect human induced mortality factors include speeding vehicles, fences with deadly electric supply, poisoned waterholes, etc.
CI: What do you think of the Daroji bear sanctuary in Karnataka?
Daroji is an interesting place. It is unique in the sense that it is where direct management interventions such as habitat manipulation, supplemental feeding, and protection measures are made with a specific focus on the sloth bears. However, what kind of impacts these interventions have on the sloth bear population is largely unknown. Further, there are several questions that arise, including whether these interventions are justified and whether they are based on prior research or merely well intentioned ad hoc actions. However, on the positive side, if not for this special focus on sloth bears, Daroji may have been lost to mining interests in the area. Overall, nitpicking aside, I think it is a laudable effort.
CI: What is the distribution of the sloth bear in India?
India is home to more than 80% of the world population of sloth bears. Within the country it is the most widely distributed bear species. It is found in forested areas across India, from the foothills of the Himalaya to the southern tip of the Western Ghats; in the west from the Aravalli hill range in Rajasthan to the east up to the terai and duars of North Bengal and Assam. However, its northeastern limit and its current distribution in the northeastern states are unclear.
CI: Where else in the world are sloth bears found?
Sloth bears are also found in Nepal, Sri Lanka and perhaps in the low-lying areas of Bhutan. They occurred in Bangladesh in the past but are probably extinct now.
CI: What is the estimate for the world population of sloth bears?
My estimate for the species, based on presently available information, is 6,000 to 11,000 in India, and another 1,000 to 2,000 in other countries where it is found – Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. So, the total world population could be anything between 7,000 and 13,000. It should be noted that this is a rough estimate, although it may be the best that is available presently.
CI: What is the status of sloth bears in India?
Overall, the sloth bear is threatened, although it appears to be secure in some parts of its distributional range. Over the past century, the sloth bear’s range has shrunk considerably and its populations have declined and have become fragmented, threatening its overall survival. Some isolated populations have even become locally extinct. Given that secure habitat of high quality for sloth bears is estimated to be only about 10% of the forest area in India, its total population size may be as low as 6,000, not all the regional populations are safe, and even the stronghold areas of the Western Ghats and central Indian forests are threatened by fragmentation and degradation, the sloth bear in India should be considered as a threatened species.
CI: What are the main threats?
The greatest threat to sloth bear survival in India is the loss of their forest habitat, especially outside Protected Areas. Other factors include:
•Degradation of forests due to over-exploitation by humans.
•Fragmentation – forests getting broken up into smaller pieces due to conversion of forestland for other uses, creating barriers to the movement of animals.
•Isolation: remaining forest patches getting separated by great distances.
•Use of forest edges by humans and use of agricultural land by bears for crop feeding, resulting in conflict between bears and humans, which sometimes ends in persecution killings of bears by humans.
•Poaching of bears for trade in bear parts (particularly, gall bladder/bile) and removal of cubs from forests for the ‘dancing bear’ trade also are known to be threats.
CI: What other studies have been done on sloth bears?
The first intensive study on sloth bears was done in Chitwan National Park in Nepal in the mid-1990s by Joshi and others. This was preceded by some short-term studies on certain aspects of the sloth bear ecology in Nepal and India. After my intensive research on the behavioural ecology of sloth bears in central India, there has been a study in the Bilaspur region in eastern central India by Bargali and others with a focus on bear attacks on humans in that high conflict region, and another one in southern Sri Lanka by Ratnayeke. There have been many other short-term studies, particularly on food habits of sloth bears in southern and central India and Nepal by various authors ranging from George Schaller, Laurie & Seidensticker, Sunquist, Johnsingh, Baskaran, and others. There have also been observations and reports focused on bear conflict with humans from southern and central India by various researchers.
CI: Tell us about the other bear species in India.
1.Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus): The Asiatic black bear occurs in the Himalayan mountain habitats from the high subalpine conifer forests down to the subtropical broadleaf forests of the foothills, from Kashmir in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. It also occurs in most of the northeast hill ranges south and east of Assam.
2.Malayan sun bear (Ursus malayanus): The Malayan sun bear occurs in the northeastern hill ranges south of Assam.
3.Brown bear (Ursus arctos): The brown bear occurs in the north-western parts of the Himalayas in alpine habitats and in the trans-Himalayas; the eastern limit of its current distribution – whether it extends into Sikkim and east of it is unclear.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Further reading:
1.Yoganand, K., C. G. Rice, and A. J. T. Johnsingh. (2005). Evaluating Panna National Park with special reference to ecology of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Final Project Report (Unpublished). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India. 172p.
2.Yoganand, K., C. G. Rice, A. J. T. Johnsingh, and J. Seidensticker. (2006). Is the sloth bear in India secure? A preliminary report on distribution, threats and conservation requirements. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103: 172-181.
3.Seidensticker, J., K. Yoganand, and A. J. T. Johnsingh. (2011). Sloth Bears Living in Tropical Dry Forests and Their Conservation. In W. McShea, et al. Editors, The Unique Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Dry Forests in Asia, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
4.Yoganand, K., C. G. Rice and A.J.T. Johnsingh. (In press). Sloth bear Melursus ursinus. In A.J.T. Johnsingh and N. Manjrekar, Editors, Mammals of South Asia. Universities Press, Hyderabad.
K Yoganand, Ph. D, is a professional wildlife ecologist with 20 years of post-graduate experience in researching ecology and conservation biology of various habitats and species, including bears, tigers, elephants and other large mammals in South Asia and Southern Africa, and in contributing to wildlife conservation in various situations.
www.conservationindia.org/articles/understanding-sloth-bears-an-interview-with-dr-k-yoganand/