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Post by warsaw on Aug 24, 2011 3:00:28 GMT -9
"...I wondered what the black bear will be eating in the Park as the only edible fruit I saw was of Zizyphus mauritiana the fruits of which were as big as a small lemon indicating the productivity of the land. The omnivorous bear should also be scavenging on the tiger kills. I saluted the brave black bear (during my short stay I had seen tracks of two different bears), which manage to survive even in the alluvial floodplain habitat with a high density of tigers but scattered trees where, therefore, the chances of scurrying up the trees when confronted by a tiger are less..." Enchanting Kaziranga - A.J.T. Johnsingh oldwww.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/nletterwinter2001spring2002/page9.htm"During fieldwork, Himalayan black bears were found scavenging at almost all the tiger and leopard kills. It will be both interesting and valuable to investigate how bear caching of tiger kills may affect the frequency of kills made by tigers and leopards and the consequent impact on farmers. " UNDERSTANDING ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS AMONG. CARNIVORES, UNGULATES AND FARMERS IN BHUTAN'S JIGME. SINGYE WANGCHUCK NATIONAL PARK. Sonam Wangyel Wang, Ph. D www.moa.gov.bt/moa/downloads/downloadFiles/MoADownload0yy9906pt.pdf
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Post by warsaw on Aug 25, 2011 6:55:22 GMT -9
www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1394911 November, 2009 - In the first recorded incident of its kind in Bhutan, a Himalayan black bear was killed and eaten by a royal Bengal tiger in the Jigme Dorji national park. The carcass of the bear, with only its head, skin and paws remaining, was discovered by a team of foresters in Domenda, two days walk from Dodena in Thimphu, on November 7 at an altitude of 4,079 m. The kill has thrown up several questions on tigers being found at such high altitudes in winter, the relationship between bears and tigers in Bhutan’s wild and the implications of the tiger’s presence on the snow leopard habitat. “It’s a confirmed kill by a royal Bengal tiger, since there are canine puncture marks on the bear’s throat and spine, as well as tiger claw marks lacerating the bears face and tiger pug marks in the area,” said Phub Tshering, the JDNP park beat officer, who discovered the carcass. He said that there were also signs of struggle between the bear and the tiger with rhododendrons bushes uprooted and claw marks on trees. “Usually the Himalayan black bear is a powerful foe for any tiger and they avoid each other, but here the bear seems to be a juvenile at 2-3 years and hence did not have the muscle and fighting abilities it gets by the time it reaches its adult age of 5 years,” said Dr Sonam Wangyel, the chief forestry officer and wildlife biologist. He said that it was likely that the two animals met accidentally. Phub Tshering said that some people, who were on tsam in the area, said that they had seen the same bear feeding on berries in late October. They also noticed tiger pug marks in the same area. “We have, for the last three years, started noting multiple signs of the presence of tigers in such high altitude areas, ” said Phub Tshering. Dr Sonam Wangyel said that, though there was no conclusive proof, it is possible that due to climate change the tree line was being pushed higher giving cover to the tiger. “This may also be due to shrinking and disturbed habitat at lower altitudes and hence the mountains may be the only undisturbed areas for the tiger,” he said. However, the real impact of tigers moving higher could be on the snow leopard, whose own snowline habitat could be shrinking. He said that clear scientific evidence was needed to establish the above hypothesis. The incident has also given a peek into the relationship between the Himalayan black bear and the royal Bengal tiger. In a camera trap set up in Nabji in 2006, it was found that a bull killed by a tiger was also being fed on by a bear at alternate intervals. “One day, the bear took away the whole carcass and the camera captured a bewildered look on the face of the tiger when it came back to feed again. The bear could be benefiting from the tigers kills,” said Dr Sonam. He said in the wild carnivores would try to eliminate competition and the bear killed may have been a potential competitor. “Though it happens, this is rare incident since the tiger usually goes after smaller, less aggressive and weaker prey,” he said. He also said that it was possible that tigers would be coming to these heights to cross into other valleys and that more of them were being detected due to better detection devices. Old data show that around 115-150 tigers are found in Bhutan on the basis of sightings.
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Post by Deleted on Aug 25, 2011 20:02:33 GMT -9
Only the huge male asiatic black bears are capable of fighting off tigers and while they have been recorded stealing kills from tigers, the latter treats them as prey at times.
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Post by warsaw on Jan 20, 2012 15:55:46 GMT -9
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Post by grrraaahhh on Jan 20, 2012 17:09:45 GMT -9
Thanks Warsaw, I plan to read the document soon. FYI, forum members - you can copy and paste the PDF text to an online translator for translation.
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Post by grrraaahhh on Jan 20, 2012 21:10:04 GMT -9
Thanks Warsaw, I plan to read the document soon. FYI, forum members - you can copy and paste the PDF text to an online translator for translation. 6.4. Взаимоотношения с тигром Хищничество тигра – основной естественный фактор, лимитирующий численность гималайского медведя. Встречи медведя и тигра происходят регулярно. Вероятность и исход нападения определяются полом и возрастом тигра, наличием опыта охот на медведей, физическими данными медведя, его местонахождением и возможной реакцией (страх или активное сопротивление). В поведении взрослых тигров при встречах с взрослыми медведями отмечены неуверенные (контактные) атаки. Среди медведей – жертв тигров, преобладают некрупные особи. В бассейне р. Дурмин обнаружено 8 экскрементов тигров с остатками гималайских медведей. В 7 случаях был определён возраст медведей: медвежата (до 2 лет, n=3), молодые (до 3–4 лет, n=3) и взрослая особь. Останки двух медведей, съеденных крупными хищниками, принадлежали лончаку и некрупной особи. В 6 случаях установлен пол тигров, поедавших медведей: четырёх (двух медвежат и двух молодых) убил самец, двух (взрослого и молодого) самка. Взрослые медведи-самцы испытывают наименьший страх к присутствию тигра. Они способны перемещаться по его свежим следам и утилизировать останки добычи. Взрослый медведь-самец, подвергшийся неуверенному нападению тигра-самца в наземной берлоге-гнезде, вновь залёг в аналогичном убежище. Наиболее уязвимы самки с медвежатами, избегающие территорий с высокой вероятностью встреч с тигром. Специализация в охоте на медведей присуща отдельным взрослым самцам тигра. Зимовка в дуплах деревьев выступает фактором, снижающим доступность медведя для тигра. Реакция страха на присутствие тигра врождённая, по длительности и силе эмоционального воздействия у медвежат превосходящая ответные реакции на встречу с сородичами. Норма реакции (уровень беспокойства) зависит от возраста медвежат, их предварительного опыта, свежести и качественных характеристик следов. Беспокойством сопровождаются встречи даже старых следов: экскрементов, останков добычи, мочевых меток тигров. Первое проявление реакции страха на запах тигра отмечено в возрасте 4,5 мес. Встречи экскрементов сопровождаются осторожным приближением, обнюхиванием, сменяющимся резким отдёргиванием с оборонительной стойкой и сопением. На серию громких криков тигра-самца с расстояния около 800 м медвежата (возраст 17 мес.) проявили ориентировочную реакцию со стойкой на задних ногах и тревожной вокализацией. Встречая следы тигра давностью 5–10 ч (n=3), медвежата жались к ногам человека, тревожно вокализируя, делали стойки, осторожно проходили по следу до 6–8 м. Движения человека и попытки пройти с медвежатами по следу вызывали всплеск страха – они влезали на деревья, где проводили до 1 ч. Свежий (1–1,5 ч) след тигра-самца вызвал панический ужас с интенсивной вокализацией и пребыванием на дереве в течение 3 ч. Никакие действия человека-опекуна не могли повлиять на поведение медвежат, в то время как при встрече с взрослым медведем у них проявлялась отчётливая мотивация ухода за человеком. Стрессовое состояние медвежонка-самки (возраст 17 мес.) явилось причиной неадекватных действий: потеряв собратьев, затаившихся на соседнем дереве, она, громко вокализируя, впервые за время эксперимента покинула группу, что привело к столкновению с тигром. Безуспешная атака тигра спровоцировала пребывание медвежат на дереве в течение суток и повлияла на поведение в последующие дни. Медвежата пребывали в состоянии повышенной возбудимости, немедленно реагируя даже на незначительные посторонние звуки, перестали играть. Отдельные кратковременные (менее 60 сек) элементы игрового поведения были впервые отмечены лишь через 5 дней. Реакция на следы тигра претерпела изменения в понижении порога возбудимости и увеличении продолжительности реакции избегания. Через 3 дня после нападения, обнаружив ночной (> 8 ч) след тигра-самца, медвежата провели на дереве 60, 70 (самцы) и 105 (самка) мин. 6.4. The relationship with the tigerTiger predation - the main natural factor limiting the number of the Himalayan bear. Meeting a bear and a tiger are regularly reported. The probability of attack and the outcome determined by gender and age the tiger, the presence of experience hunting bears, bear physique, his whereabouts and possible reactions (fear or resistance). The behavior of adult tigers in meetings with older bears marked uncertain (contact) attack. Among the bears - the victims of tigers, is dominated by medium-sized specimens. In the river basin. Durmin found eight feces tiger with the remains of the Himalayan bears. In 7 cases, age was defined Bears: Bears (2 years, n = 3), young (3-4 years, n = 3) and adults. The remains of two bears, eaten by large predators, belonged Lonchakov and medium-sized specimens. In 6 cases the floor is installed tigers, bears eating: four (two and two young cubs) had killed a male, two (adult and young) female. Adult male bears have the least fear from the presence of a tiger. They are able to move on his heels and dispose of the remains of prey. An adult male bear, which has undergone the uncertain assaulted a male tiger in the terrestrial den, nest, lay down again in the same shelter. The most vulnerable females with cubs, avoiding areas with a high probability of encountering a tiger. Specializing in hunting bears inherent in individual adult male tiger. Wintering in the hollows of trees is a factor that reduces the availability of a bear for a tiger. Fear response to the presence of congenital tiger, duration and strength of the emotional impact of a Cubs superior responses to a meeting with neighbors. The norm of reaction (anxiety level) depends on the age of the cubs, their prior experience, freshness and quality characteristics of the traces. Anxiety accompanied the meeting even the old traces: excrement, the remains of prey, tigers urinary markers. The first manifestation of fear responses to the smell of tiger noted at the age of 4.5 months. Meetings are accompanied by excrement cautious approach, sniffing, changing abrupt withdrawal from a defensive stand and sniff. A series of loud screams of a male tiger from a distance of about 800 m cubs (age 17 months.) Exhibited an orienting reaction to the reception on their hind legs and alarm vocalization. Meeting should be barred tiger 5-10 h (n = 3), the Bears huddled at the feet of man, anxiously vokaliziruya, did rack, carefully passed on the trail of up to 6-8 m. Movement of people and trying to go with their cubs on the trail caused a surge of fear - they climbed the trees, where they spent up to 1 h. Fresh (1-1.5 h), the trace of a male tiger has caused panic with intense vocalization and stay on the tree for 3 h. No act of a person-a guardian could not influence the behavior of bears, while at a meeting with an adult bear their motivation clearly manifested care man. Stress-bear females (age 17 months.) Was the cause of inappropriate actions: lost cousins, hiding in a nearby tree, she loudly vokaliziruya the first time during the experiment left the group, which led to a clash with the tiger. The unsuccessful attack provoked the tiger cubs stay on the tree during the day and influenced behavior in the coming days. The cubs were in a state of increased excitability, immediately reacting to even insignificant background noise, stopped playing. Certain short-term (less than 60 seconds), the elements of play behavior were first observed only after 5 days. Reaction to the traces of the tiger has been changed to decrease the threshold of excitability and increase the duration of avoidance. 3 days after the attack, revealing the night (> 8 hours), the trace of a male tiger, bear cubs spent on a tree 60, 70 (males) and 105 (female) min. Translation source: Google.
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Post by warsaw on Jan 21, 2012 10:25:08 GMT -9
Thanks Warsaw, I plan to read the document soon. FYI, forum members - you can copy and paste the PDF text to an online translator for translation. Unfortunately, Google Translate is not always accurate:
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Post by warsaw on Jan 21, 2012 10:29:14 GMT -9
Thanks Warsaw, I plan to read the document soon. FYI, forum members - you can copy and paste the PDF text to an online translator for translation. 6.4. Взаимоотношения с тигром Хищничество тигра – основной естественный фактор, лимитирующий численность гималайского медведя. Встречи медведя и тигра происходят регулярно. Вероятность и исход нападения определяются полом и возрастом тигра, наличием опыта охот на медведей, физическими данными медведя, его местонахождением и возможной реакцией (страх или активное сопротивление). В поведении взрослых тигров при встречах с взрослыми медведями отмечены неуверенные (контактные) атаки. Среди медведей – жертв тигров, преобладают некрупные особи. В бассейне р. Дурмин обнаружено 8 экскрементов тигров с остатками гималайских медведей. В 7 случаях был определён возраст медведей: медвежата (до 2 лет, n=3), молодые (до 3–4 лет, n=3) и взрослая особь. Останки двух медведей, съеденных крупными хищниками, принадлежали лончаку и некрупной особи. В 6 случаях установлен пол тигров, поедавших медведей: четырёх (двух медвежат и двух молодых) убил самец, двух (взрослого и молодого) самка. Взрослые медведи-самцы испытывают наименьший страх к присутствию тигра. Они способны перемещаться по его свежим следам и утилизировать останки добычи. Взрослый медведь-самец, подвергшийся неуверенному нападению тигра-самца в наземной берлоге-гнезде, вновь залёг в аналогичном убежище. Наиболее уязвимы самки с медвежатами, избегающие территорий с высокой вероятностью встреч с тигром. Специализация в охоте на медведей присуща отдельным взрослым самцам тигра. Зимовка в дуплах деревьев выступает фактором, снижающим доступность медведя для тигра. Реакция страха на присутствие тигра врождённая, по длительности и силе эмоционального воздействия у медвежат превосходящая ответные реакции на встречу с сородичами. Норма реакции (уровень беспокойства) зависит от возраста медвежат, их предварительного опыта, свежести и качественных характеристик следов. Беспокойством сопровождаются встречи даже старых следов: экскрементов, останков добычи, мочевых меток тигров. Первое проявление реакции страха на запах тигра отмечено в возрасте 4,5 мес. Встречи экскрементов сопровождаются осторожным приближением, обнюхиванием, сменяющимся резким отдёргиванием с оборонительной стойкой и сопением. На серию громких криков тигра-самца с расстояния около 800 м медвежата (возраст 17 мес.) проявили ориентировочную реакцию со стойкой на задних ногах и тревожной вокализацией. Встречая следы тигра давностью 5–10 ч (n=3), медвежата жались к ногам человека, тревожно вокализируя, делали стойки, осторожно проходили по следу до 6–8 м. Движения человека и попытки пройти с медвежатами по следу вызывали всплеск страха – они влезали на деревья, где проводили до 1 ч. Свежий (1–1,5 ч) след тигра-самца вызвал панический ужас с интенсивной вокализацией и пребыванием на дереве в течение 3 ч. Никакие действия человека-опекуна не могли повлиять на поведение медвежат, в то время как при встрече с взрослым медведем у них проявлялась отчётливая мотивация ухода за человеком. Стрессовое состояние медвежонка-самки (возраст 17 мес.) явилось причиной неадекватных действий: потеряв собратьев, затаившихся на соседнем дереве, она, громко вокализируя, впервые за время эксперимента покинула группу, что привело к столкновению с тигром. Безуспешная атака тигра спровоцировала пребывание медвежат на дереве в течение суток и повлияла на поведение в последующие дни. Медвежата пребывали в состоянии повышенной возбудимости, немедленно реагируя даже на незначительные посторонние звуки, перестали играть. Отдельные кратковременные (менее 60 сек) элементы игрового поведения были впервые отмечены лишь через 5 дней. Реакция на следы тигра претерпела изменения в понижении порога возбудимости и увеличении продолжительности реакции избегания. Через 3 дня после нападения, обнаружив ночной (> 8 ч) след тигра-самца, медвежата провели на дереве 60, 70 (самцы) и 105 (самка) мин. 6.4. The relationship with the tigerTiger predation - the main natural factor limiting the number of the Himalayan bear. Meeting a bear and a tiger are regularly reported. The probability of attack and the outcome determined by gender and age the tiger, the presence of experience hunting bears, bear physique, his whereabouts and possible reactions (fear or resistance). The behavior of adult tigers in meetings with older bears marked uncertain (contact) attack. Among the bears - the victims of tigers, is dominated by medium-sized specimens. In the river basin. Durmin found eight feces tiger with the remains of the Himalayan bears. In 7 cases, age was defined Bears: Bears (2 years, n = 3), young (3-4 years, n = 3) and adults. The remains of two bears, eaten by large predators, belonged Lonchakov and medium-sized specimens. In 6 cases the floor is installed tigers, bears eating: four (two and two young cubs) had killed a male, two (adult and young) female. Adult male bears have the least fear from the presence of a tiger. They are able to move on his heels and dispose of the remains of prey. An adult male bear, which has undergone the uncertain assaulted a male tiger in the terrestrial den, nest, lay down again in the same shelter. The most vulnerable females with cubs, avoiding areas with a high probability of encountering a tiger. Specializing in hunting bears inherent in individual adult male tiger. Wintering in the hollows of trees is a factor that reduces the availability of a bear for a tiger. Fear response to the presence of congenital tiger, duration and strength of the emotional impact of a Cubs superior responses to a meeting with neighbors. The norm of reaction (anxiety level) depends on the age of the cubs, their prior experience, freshness and quality characteristics of the traces. Anxiety accompanied the meeting even the old traces: excrement, the remains of prey, tigers urinary markers. The first manifestation of fear responses to the smell of tiger noted at the age of 4.5 months. Meetings are accompanied by excrement cautious approach, sniffing, changing abrupt withdrawal from a defensive stand and sniff. A series of loud screams of a male tiger from a distance of about 800 m cubs (age 17 months.) Exhibited an orienting reaction to the reception on their hind legs and alarm vocalization. Meeting should be barred tiger 5-10 h (n = 3), the Bears huddled at the feet of man, anxiously vokaliziruya, did rack, carefully passed on the trail of up to 6-8 m. Movement of people and trying to go with their cubs on the trail caused a surge of fear - they climbed the trees, where they spent up to 1 h. Fresh (1-1.5 h), the trace of a male tiger has caused panic with intense vocalization and stay on the tree for 3 h. No act of a person-a guardian could not influence the behavior of bears, while at a meeting with an adult bear their motivation clearly manifested care man. Stress-bear females (age 17 months.) Was the cause of inappropriate actions: lost cousins, hiding in a nearby tree, she loudly vokaliziruya the first time during the experiment left the group, which led to a clash with the tiger. The unsuccessful attack provoked the tiger cubs stay on the tree during the day and influenced behavior in the coming days. The cubs were in a state of increased excitability, immediately reacting to even insignificant background noise, stopped playing. Certain short-term (less than 60 seconds), the elements of play behavior were first observed only after 5 days. Reaction to the traces of the tiger has been changed to decrease the threshold of excitability and increase the duration of avoidance. 3 days after the attack, revealing the night (> 8 hours), the trace of a male tiger, bear cubs spent on a tree 60, 70 (males) and 105 (female) min. Translation source: Google. Among the bears - the victims of tigers, is dominated by medium-sized specimensAmong the bears - the victims of tigers, is dominated by SMALL sized specimes. Bears age was determined in 7 cases.Cubs ( 2 y.o, n=3), young bears (3-4 y.o, n = 3) and one adult.(n=1 ) The remains of two bears, eaten by large predators, belonged Lonchakov and medium-sized specimens...belonged to lonchaka and SMALL-sized specimen Lonchak =bear cub of unkonow age In summary: All the victims (3 cubs +3 young +1adult +1 bear cub of unknown age) were small. To be continued....
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Post by grrraaahhh on Jan 22, 2012 5:14:07 GMT -9
Thanks Warsaw, I plan to read the document soon. FYI, forum members - you can copy and paste the PDF text to an online translator for translation. Unfortunately, Google Translate is not always accurate: True. For all, this is one of many reasons why this forum desires an international audience. There is a lot of non-English literature that is and will be covered. Online translation has its limits but in the spirit of full transparency literature text screen shots and the literal text material itself (let it never be said how this forum does not go the extra mile to be transparent) are extracted for independent examination.
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Post by warsaw on Jan 24, 2012 3:02:56 GMT -9
There is a key sentence
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Post by sarus on Apr 23, 2012 10:36:52 GMT -9
Staged fight between two Bengal tigers and a Himalayan black bear.
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