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Post by grrraaahhh on Feb 9, 2013 10:12:59 GMT -9
A thread to collectively examine relations between cougars and bears including grizzly bear, black bear, and spectacled bear.Grizzly Bears view cougars as "Feline Gravy Train""Cougars, however, generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, the cougar will use its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up, usually the cat." Though grizzlies likely kill few cougars, they may see the cats as a feline gravy train. Between 1990 and 1995, wildlife biologist Kerry Murphy and other HWI researchers monitored 113 cougar kills (mostly deer and elk) in Glacier and Yellowstone and discovered that bears (grizzlies and blacks) were claiming a significant share of the spoils. Bruins visited about one of every four cougar kills, robbing the feline owner of as much as 26 percent of its food requirement, sometimes for several days running. "It appears," says Murphy, "that competition for kills creates significant gains for bears and significant losses for cougars."
When carnivores clash: what happens when hunter becomes hunted? - includes related article on saving wolves
findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1169/is_n4_v36/ai_20925079/
"Grizzly and Black bear visited 24% of cougar kills in GNP and YNP and displaced cougars from their kill 10% of carcasses. Bears gained up to 113% and cougars lost 26 % of their respective daily requirements from these encounters. Bear predation and incomplete consumption of carcasses (especially salmon) provide food for a variety of scavengers."
COSEWIC: Assessment and Update Status Report of the Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos in Canada
dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-166-2002E.pdf
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Post by grrraaahhh on Feb 9, 2013 10:14:19 GMT -9
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Post by grrraaahhh on Feb 9, 2013 10:31:55 GMT -9
I wanted to reproduce an earlier post of mine covering possible bear fatality and pumas.
Bear Mortality by Cougars
I think recent research show both black/grizzly bears to benefit from cougar production of animal matter. Honestly, I have a hard time believing old 19th century American West accounts of the larger grizzly and black bear fatality involving cougars (35-85 kg) who rarely exceed 200 lbs. After a strong search of the literature, the only piece of information I found was a percentage (%) occurrence of prey calculation by authors Kerry Murphy and Toni K. Ruth (see below reference) showing black bears in Montana/Wyoming to make up 1% of cougar diet. No additional victim profile information (e.g., cubs) is given. The authors do note that scat analysis of animal matter does not always mean predation explaining how cougars can also scavenge carrion.
IMO, one of the best, comprehensive cougar publications came out a few years ago: Hornocker, M., and S. Negri (Eds.). 2009. Cougar: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL.
The book has terrific data on cougar predatory/prey relations and cougar interference competition dynamics as it relates to bears covering both North & South America including black & grizzly bear relations and to some extent (if one interprets the absence of data as information) spectacle bear relations. On the latter, there were no spectacled bear signatures in South American cougar diet analysis.
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Post by grrraaahhh on Feb 9, 2013 10:32:59 GMT -9
I wanted to reproduce an earlier post of mine covering possible bear fatality and pumas. Bear Mortality by CougarsI think recent research show both black/grizzly bears to benefit from cougar production of animal matter. Honestly, I have a hard time believing old 19th century American West accounts of the larger grizzly and black bear fatality involving cougars (35-85 kg) who rarely exceed 200 lbs. After a strong search of the literature, the only piece of information I found was a percentage (%) occurrence of prey calculation by authors Kerry Murphy and Toni K. Ruth (see below reference) showing black bears in Montana/Wyoming to make up 1% of cougar diet. No additional victim profile information (e.g., cubs) is given. The authors do note that scat analysis of animal matter does not always mean predation explaining how cougars can also scavenge carrion. IMO, one of the best, comprehensive cougar publications came out a few years ago: Hornocker, M., and S. Negri (Eds.). 2009. Cougar: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL. The book has terrific data on cougar predatory/prey relations and cougar interference competition dynamics as it relates to bears covering both North & South America including black & grizzly bear relations and to some extent (if one interprets the absence of data as information) spectacle bear relations. On the latter, there were no spectacled bear signatures in South American cougar diet analysis. There are additional relating points to communicate. IIRC, on a South American nature reserve, one female spectacled bear was found dead. A cougar was suspected in her death. In another event, as explained from a foreign documentary on spectacled bears (either in Portuguese or Spanish) the larger male spectacled bear was filmed displacing the smaller cougar from its kill. Keep in mind, although the spectacled bear's diet is largely plant based; animal matter is also a part of their diet. In some areas, some spectacled bears become conflict animals as they will prey on farmer livestock including cows. |
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Post by sarus on Feb 9, 2013 17:11:33 GMT -9
¨ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ► Puma & Black Bear
► Puma & Black Bear____________________________________ ____________________________________ .
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Post by sarus on Feb 9, 2013 17:17:10 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Feb 9, 2013 17:20:09 GMT -9
.www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGtiNHfBwiI"A black bear recorded scavenging and feeding on a deer killed by a
mountain lion with a motion-triggered camera. Bears regularly steal food
from mountain lions, and mountain lion kills are monitored by biologists to
measure the effects of scavengers on the kill rate of mountain lions".________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Max Allen (1977- ) was born in central Vermont. He has worked for a diverse group of government agencies and non-profit corporations as a park ranger, teacher, and wildlife biologist. He is an award-winning photographer (max-allen.artistwebsites.com), and published his first book - The Itinerant Photographer - in 2010. Max is currently a research biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and is completing his Ph.D. in Conservation Biology through Victoria University, Wellington. Max currently researches mountain lions on two projects in California: the Mendocino Mountain Lion Project and the Santa Cruz Puma Project (santacruzpumas.org). ► www.youtube.com/channel/UCfPJA4Eg_3yjaIe2c85lUzQ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .
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Post by sarus on Feb 10, 2013 4:56:02 GMT -9
¨ Bear Rehab & Release"Bear release is the ultimate aim of the rescue program of our conservation project.
Rescued bears need rehabilitation to learn what to eat in the wild before they can be
liberated, also to grow big enough to avoid attacks by puma"."The Andean bear rehabilitation process takes anywhere from 6 to 18 months,
depending on the age and size of the rescued cub. Bears must be large enough to not
be attacked by puma or other predators before they can be released".____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ► www.andeanbear.org/bear-release.html____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ .
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Post by warsaw on Feb 10, 2013 7:16:22 GMT -9
¨Bear Rehab & Release"Bear release is the ultimate aim of the rescue program of our conservation project.
Rescued bears need rehabilitation to learn what to eat in the wild before they can be
liberated, also to grow big enough to avoid attacks by puma"."The Andean bear rehabilitation process takes anywhere from 6 to 18 months,
depending on the age and size of the rescued cub. Bears must be large enough to not
be attacked by puma or other predators before they can be released".____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ► www.andeanbear.org/bear-release.html____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ . Interesting what "Bears must be large enough to not be attacked by puma or other predators before they can be released" mean.  www.andeanbear.org/bear-release.html"Photos from the release of Colleen, a three year old Andean Bear. Colleen was rescue as a cub from a house in Ecuador where she was being illegally kept. She spent several years living in the Santa Martha Animal Rescue Center before she was released into the wild. She was released in November 2005 into Yanahurco, a private reserve bordering with Cotapaxi reserve." andeanbear.smugmug.com/Animals/Colleens-Release/989377_tm8Dfp#!i=45927022&k=dTf7s7G |
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Post by warsaw on Feb 10, 2013 7:26:09 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jun 12, 2013 22:23:56 GMT -9
¨__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ "On Vancouver Island cougars and black bears seem to be mutually
predatory on each others' young. Claws of bear cubs have been found
in cougar scats, and claws of cougar cubs in bear scats".__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ► Wright B. S. 1959. The ghost of North America: the story of the eastern panther. Vantage,
New York, New York, USA.__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
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Post by sarus on Jul 2, 2013 0:48:08 GMT -9
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ While these kill sites attracted other species, most of the kills were protected due to burial or hidden underneath trees. Roughly 64% of carcasses were found under a tree or thick brush, while the rest were buried in the dirt or under grass. The mountain lion made an attempt to cover all carcasses, but several scavengers came to investigate or eat part of the carcass. The most common visitor was the turkey vulture, followed by other bird species, then coyotes and small rodents. One carcass was visited and consumed by a black bear, which resulted in the mountain lion leaving the kill and the general area for a few weeks. The presence of a black bear visiting the mountain lion kill may have forced her to make additional kills rather than to compete with the larger predator, especially since she had two vulnerable kittens. These dynamics may shift prey choice and predation strategies, but more data would be needed to tease apart those interactions. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ► Live Trapping and Monitoring Mountain Lion Movements within a
Feral Horse Population in Storey County, Nevada, 2005 - 2007__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ . |
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Post by warsaw on Oct 27, 2014 12:53:56 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Oct 17, 2015 13:46:09 GMT -9
¨The Comparative Effects of Large Carnivores on the Acquisition of Carrion by ScavengersMaximilian L. Allen,1,* L. Mark Elbroch,2 Christopher C. Wilmers,3 and Heiko U. Wittmer1 1. School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; 2. Panthera, New York, New York 10018; 3. Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 Submitted April 21, 2014; Accepted December 18, 2014; Electronically published March 19, 2015 Online enhancements: videos. Dryad data: dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dh2vr. Abstract: Pumas ( Puma concolor) and black bears ( Ursus americanus) are large carnivores that may influence scavenger population dynamics. We used motion-triggered video cameras deployed at deer carcasses to determine how pumas and black bears affected three aspects of carrion acquisition by scavengers: presence, total feeding time, and mean feeding-bout duration. We found that pumas were unable to limit acquisition of carrion by large carnivores but did limit aspects of carrion acquisition by both birds and mesocarnivores. Through their suppression of mesocarnivores and birds, pumas apparently initiated a cascading pattern and increased carrion acquisition by small carnivores. In contrast, black bears monopolized carrion resources and generally had larger limiting effects on carrion acquisition by all scavengers. Black bears also limited puma feeding behaviors at puma kills, which may require pumas to compensate for energetic losses through increasing their kill rates of ungulates. Our results suggest that pumas provide carrion and selectively influence species acquiring carrion, while black bears limit carrion availability to all other scavengers. These results suggest that the effects of large carnivores on scavengers depend on attributes of both carnivores and scavengers (including size) and that competition for carcasses may result in intraguild predation as well as mesocarnivore release. Keywords: carrion acquisition, competition, energy distribution, mesocarnivore, Puma concolor, scavenging, Ursus americanus
► www.researchgate.net/profile/Max_Allen/publication/273930946_The_Comparative_Effects_of_Large_Carnivores_on_the_Acquisition_of_Carrion_by_Scavengers/links/5510623a0cf2ba84483d7f51.pdf
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Post by sarus on Oct 17, 2015 13:57:22 GMT -9
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