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Post by sarus on Feb 8, 2016 11:43:31 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Mar 20, 2018 9:45:31 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jul 3, 2021 20:35:51 GMT -9
.www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGtiNHfBwiI"A black bear recorded scavenging and feeding on a deer killed by a
mountain lion with a motion-triggered camera. Bears regularly steal food
from mountain lions, and mountain lion kills are monitored by biologists to
measure the effects of scavengers on the kill rate of mountain lions".________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Max Allen (1977- ) was born in central Vermont. He has worked for a diverse group of government agencies and non-profit corporations as a park ranger, teacher, and wildlife biologist. He is an award-winning photographer (max-allen.artistwebsites.com), and published his first book - The Itinerant Photographer - in 2010. Max is currently a research biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and is completing his Ph.D. in Conservation Biology through Victoria University, Wellington. Max currently researches mountain lions on two projects in California: the Mendocino Mountain Lion Project and the Santa Cruz Puma Project (santacruzpumas.org). ► www.youtube.com/channel/UCfPJA4Eg_3yjaIe2c85lUzQ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Can't bear the competition: Energetic losses from kleptoparasitism by a dominant scavenger may alter foraging behaviors of an apex predator Maximilian L. Allen., Mark Elbroch, Heiko U. Wittmer Abstract The interspecific interactions of apex predators are integral to the function of ecological communities, but most studies have focused on understanding their top down effects. Kleptoparasitism (the stealing of procured food) by dominant scavengers can have negative effects on populations and behaviors of apex predators. We captured 7 pumas (Puma concolor) and fitted them with GPS collars to investigate potential kill sites (n = 352), some of which we monitored with camera traps (n = 58). We analyzed whether observed kleptoparasitism by American black bears (Ursus americanus) affected puma energetics and foraging behavior. We found that black bears were the most frequent scavenger of puma kills (72.4%), and we documented bears scavenging puma kills during every month. The top model for bear detection of puma kills included prey size, temperature, and canopy cover, with bears more likely to scavenge from adult black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) carcasses in warmer temperatures and under dense canopy cover. When black bear scavenging occurred, pumas spent 22% less time at their kill and incurred energetic losses. In response, pumas shortened their inter-kill intervals by 1.3 days thus increasing their kill rates. Our results demonstrate how a dominant scavenger directly mediates the foraging behavior of an apex predator. These results suggest that community interactions do not necessarily start at the top in top-down systems, and the effects of predators on prey populations can only be understood within their respective ecological communities. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1439179121000190 |
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Post by sarus on Jul 3, 2021 20:54:25 GMT -9
.www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGtiNHfBwiI"A black bear recorded scavenging and feeding on a deer killed by a
mountain lion with a motion-triggered camera. Bears regularly steal food
from mountain lions, and mountain lion kills are monitored by biologists to
measure the effects of scavengers on the kill rate of mountain lions".________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Max Allen (1977- ) was born in central Vermont. He has worked for a diverse group of government agencies and non-profit corporations as a park ranger, teacher, and wildlife biologist. He is an award-winning photographer (max-allen.artistwebsites.com), and published his first book - The Itinerant Photographer - in 2010. Max is currently a research biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and is completing his Ph.D. in Conservation Biology through Victoria University, Wellington. Max currently researches mountain lions on two projects in California: the Mendocino Mountain Lion Project and the Santa Cruz Puma Project (santacruzpumas.org). ► www.youtube.com/channel/UCfPJA4Eg_3yjaIe2c85lUzQ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Can't bear the competition: Energetic losses from kleptoparasitism by a dominant scavenger may alter foraging behaviors of an apex predator Maximilian L. Allen., Mark Elbroch, Heiko U. Wittmer Abstract The interspecific interactions of apex predators are integral to the function of ecological communities, but most studies have focused on understanding their top down effects. Kleptoparasitism (the stealing of procured food) by dominant scavengers can have negative effects on populations and behaviors of apex predators. We captured 7 pumas (Puma concolor) and fitted them with GPS collars to investigate potential kill sites (n = 352), some of which we monitored with camera traps (n = 58). We analyzed whether observed kleptoparasitism by American black bears (Ursus americanus) affected puma energetics and foraging behavior. We found that black bears were the most frequent scavenger of puma kills (72.4%), and we documented bears scavenging puma kills during every month. The top model for bear detection of puma kills included prey size, temperature, and canopy cover, with bears more likely to scavenge from adult black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) carcasses in warmer temperatures and under dense canopy cover. When black bear scavenging occurred, pumas spent 22% less time at their kill and incurred energetic losses. In response, pumas shortened their inter-kill intervals by 1.3 days thus increasing their kill rates. Our results demonstrate how a dominant scavenger directly mediates the foraging behavior of an apex predator. These results suggest that community interactions do not necessarily start at the top in top-down systems, and the effects of predators on prey populations can only be understood within their respective ecological communities. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1439179121000190Study: Black bears are eating pumas' lunch MAR 19, 2021 8:00 AM BY DIANA YATES Pumas in Mendocino National Forest killed adult deer more often in seasons when black bears were most active, researchers found. The team also observed black bears eating the remains of adult deer killed by pumas. CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — A camera-trap study in the Mendocino National Forest in Northern California reveals that black bears are adept at finding and stealing the remains of adult deer killed by pumas. This “kleptoparasitism” by bears, as scientists call it, reduces the calories pumas consume in seasons when the bears are most active. Perhaps in response to this shortage, the pumas hunt more often and eat more small game when the bears are not in hibernation. The findings are published in the journal Basic and Applied Ecology. Pumas, also known as mountain lions or cougars, are apex predators, but this doesn’t mean they can’t be threatened by other carnivores, said study lead author Max Allen, a research scientist at the Illinois Natural History Survey who studies big cats and other carnivorous mammals. “Bears are dominant scavengers, and their large body size means that they can take carcasses from apex predators,” Allen said. He and his colleagues became interested in this phenomenon when they saw signs of bear scat and bear claw marks near puma kills. The researchers used GPS collars to track seven pumas across a 386-square-mile territory over a period of two years. Whenever a puma made a kill, it would repeatedly visit or spend a lot of time at that location. The researchers visited those sites to document the type of animals the puma had killed and to look for signs of bears. They also set up camera traps at many of the kill sites to determine which animals were eating the remains. The team documented 352 puma kills, of which 64 were animals other than deer. The smaller prey animals included dozens of squirrels, birds and rabbits, but also a coyote, two gray foxes, a fisher and two black bears. The pumas also went after fawns, which they can eat quickly, likely before a bear discovers them, Allen said.The bears discovered kills of adult deer within about two days, cutting the pumas’ feeding time at a deer carcass from 5-7 days in winter to about two days when the bears showed up. The study found the highest frequency of puma kills ever reported. And the kill rate increased when bears were most active. “There were only about 0.68 mountain lions per 100 square kilometers in our study area,” Allen said. “An average number would be two to three. The average home range for a female in Santa Cruz is between 30 and 35 square kilometers. But in Mendocino it was over 200.” Despite the large territory available to them, pumas were not getting the full benefit of their kills. The amount they consumed varied month to month, from more than 190 pounds of meat in January, when bears were least active, to less than 110 pounds in April. Bear scavenging of adult deer carcasses was highest in the warmer months, but the researchers found evidence of bears at puma kills every month of the year. “We found evidence to suggest that the bears are having an impact on pumas and how often they’re killing deer,” Allen said. “When a bear pushes a puma off of a carcass, the puma runs away, and the bear eats the deer. The puma then has to make another kill in order to get the energy it needs.” In the absence of black bears, pumas made a kill about once a week, Allen said. “But in the presence of bears, they’re killing every five to six days,” he said. “They have to work harder, and they’re getting less nutrition overall.” The INHS is a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife; University of California, Davis; and California Deer Association supported this project. i.postimg.cc/MpNHWMSf/Study-Black-bears-are-eating-pumas-lunch-Illinois-page-0001.jpg
i.postimg.cc/h4sGX3nB/Study-Black-bears-are-eating-pumas-lunch-Illinois-page-0002.jpg
i.postimg.cc/26f5Zs3z/Study-Black-bears-are-eating-pumas-lunch-Illinois-page-0003.jpg
► news.illinois.edu/view/6367/1026613190
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Post by sarus on Jul 30, 2021 13:20:01 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jul 30, 2021 13:23:30 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Sept 8, 2022 1:34:13 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Oct 24, 2022 13:26:37 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Oct 25, 2022 4:00:33 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jan 27, 2023 23:30:03 GMT -9
" imgur.com/XjUj83SChacha The most secretive bear we have had at Chaparri who would often not be seen for days at a time. She arrived in 2001 from a circus that arrived in the village of Chongoyape and was believed to have originated from the Chachapoyas region. She escaped undetected from the enclosure during the wet season of 2006 when the vegetation is very dense and she was being seen only occasionally and was found dead outside the enclosure - the exact cause of death is not known but she appears to have been killed by a Puma.  imgur.com/PRFY2mrChacha Fue la osa más distante y sigilosa que hemos tenido en Chaparrí, incluso dentro del recinto a veces pasaban varios días sin que pudiéramos verla. Ella llegó en el año 2001 procedente de un circo que se encontraba de paso en Chongoyape y se cree que procedía de la región Chachapoyas, de allí su nombre. Chacha escapó de su recinto sin ser detectada durante la estación lluviosa de 2006, cuando la vegetación era bastante densa, y fue vista ocasionalmente hasta que fue encontrada muerta fuera del recinto, la causa exacta de su muerte no se conoce, pero parece que fue cazada por un puma.
► web.archive.org/web/20160329125109/http://chaparri.org/es/rescate-de-oso-andino.php► web.archive.org/web/20160311181229/http://chaparri.org/en/andean-bear-rescue-centre.php
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Post by sarus on Jan 27, 2023 23:53:32 GMT -9
"imgur.com/XjUj83SChacha The most secretive bear we have had at Chaparri who would often not be seen for days at a time. She arrived in 2001 from a circus that arrived in the village of Chongoyape and was believed to have originated from the Chachapoyas region. She escaped undetected from the enclosure during the wet season of 2006 when the vegetation is very dense and she was being seen only occasionally and was found dead outside the enclosure - the exact cause of death is not known but she appears to have been killed by a Puma. imgur.com/PRFY2mrChacha Fue la osa más distante y sigilosa que hemos tenido en Chaparrí, incluso dentro del recinto a veces pasaban varios días sin que pudiéramos verla. Ella llegó en el año 2001 procedente de un circo que se encontraba de paso en Chongoyape y se cree que procedía de la región Chachapoyas, de allí su nombre. Chacha escapó de su recinto sin ser detectada durante la estación lluviosa de 2006, cuando la vegetación era bastante densa, y fue vista ocasionalmente hasta que fue encontrada muerta fuera del recinto, la causa exacta de su muerte no se conoce, pero parece que fue cazada por un puma.
► web.archive.org/web/20160329125109/http://chaparri.org/es/rescate-de-oso-andino.php► web.archive.org/web/20160311181229/http://chaparri.org/en/andean-bear-rescue-centre.php
Some bears of the rescue centre at the time: 1 - TONGO "The big male of Chaparri, at approximately 8 years old, he is in the prime of his life and weighs 59kg." "Es el macho más grande de Chaparrí y tiene aproximadamente 8 años de edad, pesa 59 Kg y está en la plenitud de su vida." Macho más grande = Biggest male
2 - Milagros "A six year old female with an amazing story." "She is in good health and weighs approximately 40 kg." 3 - Azulina "A young adult female of approximately 6 years of age." "She is still growing and perhaps slightly small (possibly was undernourished in her early captivity) and weighs 30 kg (August 2008)." 4 - Cholita "An adult female of approximately 8 years of age." "She is in good health and weighs 37 kg." 5 - Rosita "The old lady of Chaparri, her exact age in unknown but we know she is at least 30 years old." "She is still healthy though suffers from hair loss, a condition well-known in old female Andean Bears in captivity, and is also slightly overweight (52kg in August 2008)..." 6 - Cuto "The oldest male in Chaparri being about 12-15 years of age." "Aside from his dental problems he is in good health and weighs 55kg."
► web.archive.org/web/20160311181229/http://chaparri.org/en/andean-bear-rescue-centre.php
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Post by sarus on Sept 9, 2023 13:55:38 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jun 8, 2024 2:44:37 GMT -9
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Post by sarus on Jun 8, 2024 3:25:58 GMT -9
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